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Erkan Erdogdu

Energy Economics and Policy Expert

Profile

Erkan Erdogdu

Assoc.Prof. | Head of Group (EMRA)

I completed my master’s degree in Energy Economics and Policy (with distinction) at the University of Surrey in the UK with a Chevening Scholarship in 2005. In 2009, I started my Ph.D. studies with a full scholarship awarded by the University of Cambridge and received my Ph.D. degree from the JBS of University of Cambridge in 2013. In 2016, I was entitled as Associate Professor in Microeconomics by the Inter-University Board of Turkiye. I am currently working as Group Head at EMRA.

Resume

Resume

Education
University of Cambridge (UK)

Doctoral (Ph.D.) Degree

01.10.2009 – 20.07.2013

Cambridge Judge Business School, Business Economics, Supervisors: Prof. Michael Pollitt & Prof. David Newbery, Official Transcript

University of Surrey (UK)

M.Sc. Degree (with Distinction)

27.09.2004 – 21.11.2005

Department of Economics, Energy Economics & Policy Program, Overall mark in UK grading system: 72 [GPA: 4/4]
METU (Turkey)

B.Sc. Degree (with High Honor)

27.09.1997 – 18.01.2002

Middle East Technical University (METU), Department of International Relations, GPA: 3.85/4
METU (Turkey)

Minor Diploma

13.09.1999 – 18.01.2002

Middle East Technical University (METU), Department of Political Science and Public Administration, GPA: 3.64/4
Employment
Head of Group

Energy Market Regulatory Authority

03.2021 - present

Energy Market Specialist

Energy Market Regulatory Authority

02.2007 - 03.2021

Assistant Energy Market Specialist

Energy Market Regulatory Authority

01.2003 - 02.2007

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Skills
Stata
96%
EViews
85%
IBM SPSS Statistics
80%
Microsoft Office
100%
Research Interests
Energy Economics100
Energy Policy100
Microeconomics20
Macroeconomics10
Natural Resource Economics20
Development Economics20
Industrial Economics20
Political Economy20
Environmental Economics20
Education5
Language
English
Turkish
Publications

Erdogdu, Erkan (2016). Asymmetric volatility in European day-ahead power markets: A comparative microeconomic analysis. Energy Economics, 56(4), 398-409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.04.002

Erdogdu, Erkan (2014). The political economy of electricity market liberalization: a cross-country approach. The Energy Journal, 35(3), 91-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.5547/01956574.35.3.5

Erdogdu, Erkan (2013). A cross-country analysis of electricity market reforms: potential contribution of New Institutional Economics. Energy Economics, 39(5), 239-251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2013.05.012

Erdogdu, Erkan (2011). The impact of power market reforms on electricity price-cost margins and cross-subsidy levels: A cross country panel data analysis. Energy Policy, 39(3), 1080-1092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.023

Erdogdu, Erkan (2011). What happened to efficiency in electricity industries after reforms?. Energy Policy, 39(10), 6551-6560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.059

Erdogdu, Erkan (2014). Investment, security of supply and sustainability in the aftermath of three decades of power sector reform. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 31(3), 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.11.014

Erdogdu, Erkan (2007). Electricity demand analysis using cointegration and ARIMA modelling: A case study of Turkey. Energy Policy, 35(2), 1129-1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.02.013

Erdogdu, Erkan (2010). Natural gas demand in Turkey. Applied Energy, 87(1), 211-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.07.006

Erdogdu, Erkan (2013). Implications of liberalization policies on government support to R&D: Lessons from electricity markets. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 17(1), 110-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.09.030

Erdogdu, Erkan (2014). Motor fuel prices in Turkey. Energy Policy, 69(6), 143-153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.075

Erdogdu, Erkan (2022) [with Funda Erdogdu]. Understanding students’ attitudes towards ICT. Interactive Learning Environments, 31(10), 7467-7485. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2022.2073455

Erdogdu, Erkan (2015) [with Funda Erdogdu]. The impact of access to ICT, student background and school/home environment on academic success of students in Turkey: An international comparative analysis. Computers & Education, 82(2), 26-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.10.023

Erdogdu, Erkan (2007). Regulatory reform in Turkish energy industry: An analysis. Energy Policy, 35(2), 984-993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.02.011

Erdogdu, Erkan (2007). Nuclear power in open energy markets: A case study of Turkey. Energy Policy, 35(5), 3061-3073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.11.008

Erdogdu, Erkan (2009). Some thoughts on the Turkish electricity distribution industry. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(6-7), 1485-1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2008.09.005

Erdogdu, Erkan (2010). A paper on the unsettled question of Turkish electricity market: Balancing and settlement system (Part I). Applied Energy, 87(1), 251-258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.06.017

Erdogdu, Erkan (2010). A review of Turkish natural gas distribution market. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(2), 806-813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.023

Erdogdu, Erkan (2010). Bypassing Russia: Nabucco project and its implications for the European gas security. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(9), 2936-2945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.07.028

Erdogdu, Erkan (2010). Turkish support to Kyoto Protocol: A reality or just an illusion. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(3), 1111-1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.020

Erdogdu, Erkan (2008). An exposé of bioenergy and its potential and utilization in Turkey. Energy Policy, 36(6), 2182-2190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.02.041

Erdogdu, Erkan (2011). An analysis of Turkish hydropower policy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(1), 689-696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.019

Erdogdu, Erkan (2009). A snapshot of geothermal energy potential and utilization in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(9), 2535-2543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.06.020

Erdogdu, Erkan (2009). On the wind energy in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(6-7), 1361-1371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2008.09.003

Erdogdu, Erkan (2011). The Regulation of Natural Gas Industry in Turkey. In T.Cetin & F.Oguz (Eds.), The Political Economy of Regulation in Turkey. Springer, New York, USA, pp.145-176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7750-2_7

Erdogdu, Erkan (2014). Turkey’s energy strategy and its role in the EU’s southern gas corridor. Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) Working Papers (a refereed international academic paper series), No.1401, 17 February 2014, ISBN 978-88-98650-06-4. http://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/turkeys-energy-strategy-and-its-role-eus-southern-gas-corridor

Erdogdu, Erkan (2002). Turkey and Europe: Undivided but not united. Middle East Review of International Affairs, 6(2), 40-51. http://www.gloria-center.org/category/2002-06-06-02

Ph.D. Thesis
  • Title: Essays on Electricity Market Reforms: A Cross-Country Applied Approach
  • July 2013
  • Cambridge Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.16459
M.Sc. Dissertation
  • Title: Energy Market Reforms in Turkey: An economic analysis
  • September 2005
  • Department of Economics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK
Awards & Prizes
  • Provided by University of Cambridge to finance Ph.D. program
  • Total Value: £80.741
  • Provided by British Government to finance M.Sc. program
  • Total Value: £16.782
  • The doctoral (Ph.D.) thesis was granted a research award by the Austrian energy regulator, E-Control, in recognition for its contribution to research in the area of electricity and natural gas market liberalization.
  • Total Value: €1.000
  • The paper submitted for the 30th USAEE/IAEE North American Conference was granted one of the top 4 best paper awards (out of 160 papers)
  • Total Value: $750
  • Granted by TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) for the publication of more than 20 articles in the international academic journals
  • Total Value: $18.000
IND/STUD No. 33062 & 33972
  • Subject: Nuclear Energy in Open Energy Markets & The Role of Regulatory Authorities in Dispatching and Balancing
  • Bucharest/Romania, 03-07 August 2009
  • A study visit to Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant
  • Organized and financed by the Technical Assistance Information Exchange (TAIEX) Instrument of the European Commission in co-operation with Romanian Energy Regulatory Authority (ANRE)
IND/STUD No. 23661
  • Subject: The Privatization of Electricity Distribution Regions, Market Regulation and Consumer Rights Protection in Electricity Markets
  • Madrid/Spain, 19–21 March 2007
  • Organized and financed by the Technical Assistance Information Exchange (TAIEX) Instrument of the European Commission in co-operation with The National Energy Commission (NEC) of Spain
  • Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) Program Scholarship
  • Provided by Indian Government to finance an international training program in India titled “Power Distribution Project Financing & Accounting Systems”
  • Hyderabad/India, 6 February–31 March 2006
0

h-index
Source: Scopus
(Feb. 1, 2024)

0

Total citations
Source: Scopus
(Feb. 1, 2024)

0

English
YDS 2019/1
(out of 100)

0

Review for academic journals
(Feb. 1, 2024)

0

RePEc Turkey Ranking
December 2023
(out of 951)

Selected Works

Selected Works

This paper uses high-frequency spot price data from fourteen wholesale electricity markets in Europe to analyze asymmetric volatility in European day-ahead power markets with Exponential GARCH (E-GARCH) and TARCH models. Our data set ranges from 1992 to 2015 and consists of approximately 926,000 observations. As such, this paper constitutes the most extensive and comprehensive work conducted so far on European power markets, to the best of our knowledge. Unlike most of the literature that treats price as a continuous variable and attempts to model its trajectory, this paper adopts a unique approach and regards each hour in a day a separate market. The results show, in post-2008 period, the most expensive electricity is consumed in Turkey, Ireland, and UK while the cheapest power is in Russia, Nordic countries, and Czech Republic. Russia, Poland, and Czech Republic have the least volatile markets while France, Ireland, and Portugal have the most volatile ones. Volatility has decreased in many European countries in post-2008 period. Besides, we find magnitude effect is usually larger than the leverage effect, meaning that the absolute value of price change is relatively more important than the sign of the change (whether it is an increase or a decrease) to explain volatility in European day-ahead power markets. Moreover, the results imply there is not a uniform inverse leverage effect in electricity prices; that is, price increases are more destabilizing in some European markets (e.g. Poland, Slovenia, Ireland, Netherlands) than comparable price decreases but vice versa also holds true in some other countries (e.g. Portugal and France). Leverage (or inverse leverage) effect in post-2008 period is relatively stronger in Portugal, France, and Ireland, but its impact is quite limited in Turkey and Germany. Furthermore, although the impact of seasonality on prices is obvious, a specific pattern cannot be identified. Finally, large changes in the volatility will affect future volatilities for a relatively longer period of time in Nordic countries, Ireland, and the UK while changes in current volatility will have less effect on future volatilities in Czech Republic, Russia, and Turkey.


Energy Economics, 56(4), 398-409, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.04.002

More than half of the countries in the world have introduced a reform process in their power sectors since 1980s. Adapting a political economy perspective, this paper attempts to discover the impact of political economic variables on the liberalization process in electricity markets. Empirical models are developed using panel data from 55 developed and developing countries covering the period 1975–2010. The research findings clearly show that political variables have a significant impact on the reform progress. Consistent with public choice theory and economic theory of regulation, our results suggest that a portion of the differences in the reform experiences of reforming countries in the past three decades can be explained by differences in the relative strength of interest groups. We find that industry sector has a significant impact on the pace of power market liberalization process; and as its size gets larger, so does its influence. Our results also imply that countries receiving foreign financial support are more likely to liberalize their electricity markets, which underlines the point that reforms may not be always voluntary. In addition, our findings suggest that government ideology is one of the determinants of the progress in electricity market reform process. Finally, the paper also questions whether politicians’ education and profession matter for the electricity market reforms. Overall, the results show they do.

The Energy Journal, 35(3), 91-128, http://dx.doi.org/10.5547/01956574.35.3.5
The paper explores whether the question of why some countries are able to implement more extensive reforms is closely related to the question of why some countries have better institutions than others. We analyze this question by using an empirical econometric model based on Poisson regression with cross-section data covering 51 states in the US, 13 provinces in Canada and 51 other countries. In the course of the study, we check the validity of three important arguments of New Institutional Economics (NIE) for the power market liberalization process. The first argument is the “path-dependency”. To test its impact on the reform progress, we try to explain whether the background of the chairperson of the regulatory agency when reforms started or that of the governor/minister responsible for energy policy at that time has an impact on the subsequent reform progress. The second argument is the impact of “democracy” as an institution on the reform progress. We look at the effect of two important indicators of democracy (i.e., civil liberties and political rights) on the reform progress. The final argument of NIE is about transaction costs. We concentrate on the level of corruption in a country as one of the key factors that determine transaction costs and try to explore its impact on the reforms. The results show that the backgrounds of the chairperson and the minister/governor, the level of democracy and corruption in a country are significantly correlated with how far reforms have gone in that country. The negative relationship between reform progress and civil liberties may indicate that reforms may be limited in democratic countries with strong civil society institutions such as trade unions or other organized structures in the society that may consider reforms as ‘harmful’ to their self-interest.

Energy Economics, 39(5), 239-251, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2013.05.012
One of the main expectations from power market reform has been a reduction in both price-cost margins and cross-subsidy levels between industrial and residential consumers. This paper focuses on this issue by looking at the impact of the electricity industry reforms on residential and industrial electricity price-cost margins and their effect on cross-subsidy levels between consumer groups. Using panel data for 63 developed and developing countries covering the period 1982–2009, empirical models are developed and analyzed. The research findings suggest that there is no uniform pattern for the impact of reform process as a whole on price-cost margins and cross-subsidy levels. Each individual reform step has different impact on price-cost margins and cross-subsidy levels for each consumer and country group. Our findings imply that reform steps have different impacts in different countries, which supports the idea reform prescription for a specific country cannot easily and successfully be transferred to another one. So, transferring the formal and economic structure of a successful power market in a developed country to developing countries is not a sufficient condition for good economic performance of the electricity industries in developing countries. Furthermore, the study suggests that power consumption, income level and country-specific features constitute other important determinants of electricity price-cost margins and cross-subsidy levels.

Energy Policy, 39(3), 1080-1092, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.023
The last two decades have witnessed widespread power market reforms in both developed and developing countries that have cost billions of dollars. Among the key aims (and assumptions) of these reforms, there has always been realization of improvements in power sector efficiency. This paper questions the validity of this hypothesis. Using panel data from 92 countries covering the period 1982–2008, empirical models are developed and analyzed. The research findings suggest that the impact of the reforms on electricity industry performance is statistically significant but also limited. The results imply that, after controlling for country-specific variables, application of liberal market models in electricity industries slightly increases efficiency in power sector. Besides, we detect a positive relationship between reform process and the percentage share of network (transmission and distribution) losses in total electricity supplied, meaning that as countries take more reform steps the network losses as a fraction of power generated tend to increase. Moreover, the study puts forward that income level and other country specific features are more important determinants of industry efficiency than the reform process. Overall, contrary to expectations of substantial increases in sector efficiency, the paper concludes that introducing a decentralized market model with competition in the electricity sector has a limited increasing effect on power industry performance.

Energy Policy, 39(10), 6551-6560, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.059
The last three decades have witnessed many electricity industry reform processes in more than half of the countries in the world. The reforms have aimed, inter alia, at encouraging private investments in electricity infrastructure, enhancing security of electricity supply and making power industry operate in line with the requirements of the sustainable development. Using an original panel dataset from 55 developed and developing countries covering the period from 1975 to 2010, this study aims at finding out to what extent these objectives have been materialized so far. Econometric models are used to identify the effects of electricity market liberalization on these variables. The research findings suggest that the progress toward the electricity market reform is associated with a decline in private investments in the electricity industries of developing countries, higher levels of self-sufficiency in electricity supply and lower CO2 emissions from electricity generation.

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 31(3), 1-8, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.11.014
In the early 2000s, the Republic of Turkey has initiated an ambitious reform program in her electricity market, which requires privatization, liberalization as well as a radical restructuring. The most controversial reason behind, or justification for, recent reforms has been the rapid electricity demand growth; that is to say, the whole reform process has been a part of the endeavors to avoid the so-called “energy crisis”. Using cointegration analysis and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) modelling, the present article focuses on this issue by both providing an electricity demand estimation and forecast, and comparing the results with official projections. The study concludes, first, that consumers’ respond to price and income changes is quite limited and therefore there is a need for economic regulation in Turkish electricity market; and second, that the current official electricity demand projections highly overestimate the electricity demand, which may endanger the development of both a coherent energy policy in general and a healthy electricity market in particular.

Energy Policy, 35(2), 1129-1146, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.02.013
On average, energy demand of Turkey is mounting by 8% annually, one of the highest rates in the world. Among primary energy sources, natural gas is the fastest growing one in Turkey. Gas consumption started at 0.5 bcm (billion cubic meters) in 1987 and reached approximately 35 bcm in 2007. Turkish natural gas usage is projected to further increase remarkably in coming years. The present paper focuses the characteristics of this demand and estimates short and long-run price and income elasticities of sectoral natural gas demand in Turkey. The future growth in this demand is also forecasted using an ARIMA modelling and the results are compared with official projections. The paper reveals that natural gas demand elasticities are quite low, meaning that consumers do not respond possible abusive price increases by decreasing their demand or substituting natural gas with other energy sources. Since consumers are prone to monopoly abuse by incumbent, there is a need for market regulation in Turkish natural gas market. Based on forecasts obtained, it is clear that the current official projections do not over/under-estimate natural gas demand although past official projections highly overestimated it.

Applied Energy, 87(1), 211-219, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.07.006
Since the early 1980s, electricity industry reforms have been initiated in more than half of the countries in the world. Among the primary targets of these reform schemes, there has been an increase in efficiency of the sector; and it is implicitly assumed that government support to energy technology R&D will progress in line with the reform process as the former is required to sustain improved efficiency in the middle and long run. The paper reviews the relation between reform process in electricity markets and government support to energy R&D. Using panel data from 27 countries covering the period from 1974 to 2008, this study aims at finding out to what extent the expected correlation between reform process and government support to energy R&D has in practice been materialized so far. The findings suggest that, contrary to expectations, the progress toward electricity market reform is associated with reduced government support to a variety of energy R&D activities, which threatens sustainable efficiency improvements in the power industry.

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 17(1), 110-118, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.09.030
The world׳s most expensive motor fuel (gasoline, diesel and LPG) is sold most likely in the Republic of Turkey. This paper investigates the key issues related to the motor fuel prices in Turkey. First of all, the paper analyses the main reason behind high prices, namely motor fuel taxes in Turkey. Then, it estimates the elasticity of motor fuel demand in Turkey using an econometric analysis. The findings indicate that motor fuel demand in Turkey is quite inelastic and, therefore, not responsive to price increases caused by an increase in either pre-tax prices or taxes. Therefore, fuel market in Turkey is open to opportunistic behavior by firms (through excessive profits) and the government (through excessive taxes). Besides, the paper focuses on the impact of high motor fuel prices on road transport associated activities, including the pattern of passenger transportation, motorization rate, fuel use, total kilometers traveled and CO2 emissions from road transportation. The impact of motor fuel prices on income distribution in Turkey and Turkish public opinion about high motor fuel prices are also among the subjects investigated in the course of the study.

Energy Policy, 69(6), 143-153, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.075

The attitude towards ICT determines the amount of incentive for practicing with it, which may directly affect ICT literacy. So, students’ attitude inter alia is one of the substantial building blocks of ICT literacy, which in turn is an important component of improved student achievement brought about by it. This paper is devoted to exploring the determinants of students’ attitudes towards ICT. On recognizing the complexity of integration of ICT into education systems and unlike previous research that has largely focused on the idea that student’s learning engagement can be boosted through the availability and use of ICT alone, this paper acknowledges that integrating ICT into education is a complex process and the link between supplying ICT resources and enhanced student attainment is far from straightforward. Using rich PISA 2018 survey data from N = 129,724 students in 47 countries/economies, the results from this paper indicate that girls have better attitudes towards ICT than boys; students in private schools have more interest in ICT than those in public ones; students using ICT outside of school for leisure have a higher level of interest; and students with higher levels of fear of failure are more interested in ICT.


Interactive Learning Environments, 31(10), 7467-7485, https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2022.2073455

This paper utilizes OECD’s original PISA 2012 dataset to investigate the impact of access to ICT, student background and school/home environment on academic performance of students. Using cross-section data from 4848 15-year-old students in Turkey, ordered logit models are developed and analyzed. The results indicate that (i) availability of internet connection at home or school and student’s possession of his/her own room at home have positive impacts on academic success, (ii) internet connection at schools may not be used for school-related activities and therefore distracts student’s attention from schoolwork, (iii) as student-per-teacher ratio or school size increases, the academic success of students declines, (iv) pre-primary education and education in student’s native language contribute to academic achievement, (v) there is a positive relationship between education level of parents and student’s performance at school. Using additional data from 22,273 students, the paper also presents an international analysis that compares the results from Turkey with those from Germany, France and the United Kingdom. Finally, the urgent need for collection of micro level (at student, school or parent level) data on Turkish education system is underlined.

Computers & Education, 82(2), 26-49, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.10.023

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